Category: Middle East

In this confrontation against the Byzantines in western Anatolia the Ottomans soon distinguished themselves, placing themselves at the head of the Turkmen principalities. Osman I, founder of the Ottoman dynasty, knew how to take full advantage of the enemy’s weakness and secure good booties in his forays into Christian territory, attracting thousands of Turkmen nomads and a large…

The decline of the Ottoman Empire began after the end of the reign of Suleiman I and continued until the end of World War I. The official reaction to this decline went through different phases: that of the traditional reform (1566 – 1807), in which several attempts were made to restore the old institutions, and that of…

During the 19th century, the continuing threat of foreign conquest was compounded by the rise of nationalism among the non-Turkish peoples of the Empire who fought for their independence. Greece was the first country to do so in 1829, and revolts followed by Serbs, Bulgarians, Albanians, and Armenians from eastern Anatolia. The Ottoman survival was due not so much…

Turkey. Republic (official name, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, Republic of Turkey) whose territory is located in Southeastern Europe and Southwest Asia ; It is bordered to the northwest by Bulgaria and Greece, to the north by the Black Sea, to the northeast by Georgia and Armenia, to the east by Iran, to the south by Iraq, Syria and the Mediterranean Sea, and to the west by the Aegean Sea. The capital is Ankara….